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Destruction of country houses in the Irish revolutionary period
The destruction of country houses in Ireland was a phenomenon of the Irish revolutionary period (1919–1923), which saw approximately 275 country houses deliberately burnt out, blown up or otherwise destroyed by the Irish Republican Army (IRA).〔Terence Dooley, ''The Decline of the Big House in Ireland: A Study of Irish Landed Families'' (Dublin: Wolfhound Press, 2001), 2.〕 The vast majority of the houses, known in Ireland as Big Houses, belonged the Anglo-Irish aristocracy of the Protestant Ascendancy, although the houses of some Roman Catholics were also targeted. Although the practice by the IRA of destroying country houses began in the Irish War of Independence, most of the buildings were destroyed during the Irish Civil War.〔Peter Martin, 'Unionism: The Irish Nobility and the Revolution 1919–23' in ''The Irish Revolution'' (Joost Augustein (ed), Palgrave 2002), 157.〕 Today, most of the targeted buildings are in ruins or have been demolished, although some have been restored.
==The Big House as a target==
By the start of the Irish revolutionary period in 1919, the Big House had become symbolic of the perceived or actual dominance of the Anglo-Irish class in Ireland at the expense of the 'native' Roman Catholic population, particularly in the south of Ireland.〔Terence Dooley, ''The Decline of the Big House in Ireland: A Study of Irish Landed Families'' (Dublin: Wolfhound Press, 2001), 10.〕 The Anglo-Irish, as a class, were generally opposed to the notions of Irish independence and held key positions in the British administration of Ireland. The Irish nationalist narrative maintained that the land of Irishmen had been illegally stolen from them by the landowning aristocracy, who had mostly arrived in Ireland as Protestant settlers of The Crown during the late 16th and 17th centuries. The Irish Big House was at the administrative centre of the estates of the landowners, as well as being the family seat from which the Anglo-Irish exerted their political control over the island.〔Terence Dooley, ''The Decline of the Big House in Ireland: A Study of Irish Landed Families'' (Dublin: Wolfhound Press, 2001), 11.〕 As such, for nationalists the Big House became a symbol of not only the Irish land issue (exacerbated by absentee landlords), but also the wider control of a specific social group on the social and political affairs of Ireland.
This perception was popularly held by nationalists, despite a considerable increase in Irish landownership in the previous decades due to the Irish Land Acts. Whereas in 1870, 97% of land was owned by landlords and 50% by just 750 families, by 1916, 70% of Irish farmers owned their own land.〔Jonathan Haughton, 'Historical Background' in John W. O'Hagan and Carol Newman, ''The Economy of Ireland: National and Sectoral Policy Issues'' (Gill & Macmillan Ltd, 15 Aug 2014), 19-25.〕 In addition, Roman Catholics had been emancipated in 1829 and the political dominance of the Anglo-Irish in Ireland had been restricted following the electoral success of Irish Parliamentary Party.〔James S. Donnelly, 'Big House Burnings in County Cork during the Irish Revolution, 1920–21', ''Éire-Ireland'' (47: 3 & 4 Fall/Win 12), 141.〕 Nevertheless, for the leadership of the IRA the continued presence of the Big House was an unwelcome reminder of the old order. In addition, there was a strong socialist discourse in Irish nationalism, which sought to destroy the presence of a privileged elite in any new Irish republic.
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